Solidus / Dinar 'bilingual' - Unknown - al-Andalus - Transitional coinage Spain and North Africa - Arab-Byzantine

Issued in the immediate aftermath of the Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Iberia, this transitional piece bridges the Byzantine solidus tradition — still the dominant gold currency across the Mediterranean — with the emerging Arabicised coinage reforms that Abd al-Malik had imposed decades earlier in the east. The bilingual format, carrying both Latin and Arabic inscriptions, was a pragmatic concession to a population that had no framework for purely epigraphic Islamic coinage and needed continuity to accept the new fiscal order.

Production lasted only briefly before fully reformed, Arabic-only gold coinage displaced these hybrid issues entirely. The Vives-Canto reference places this among an extraordinarily small documented corpus.