1 Dirham - Samsam al-Dawla As independent ruler, Tawwaj

Historical Context: This 1 Dirham, minted in Tawwaj in 998 CE (388 AH), illuminates a turbulent Buyid period under Samsam al-Dawla. Son of 'Adud al-Dawla, his rule faced intense internal strife. By 998 CE, having lost major territories, his issuance from Tawwaj "as independent ruler" is significant. It signals a localized assertion of authority, perhaps a resurgence against rival Buyid emirs, reflecting the era's decentralized political landscape where mints symbolized autonomy.

Artistry: Consistent with 10th-century Islamic numismatic tradition, this dirham is aniconic, relying solely on epigraphy. The stylistic school employs elegant, angular Kufic script. No specific engraver is known; skilled calligraphers cut the dies. The design features the central Kalima (Shahada) on the obverse