U Fanam - Chalukyas of Kalyana or Feudatories

The Chalukyas of Kalyani controlled much of the Deccan from their capital at Kalyani (modern Basavakalyan) through the 10th to 12th centuries, and their gold fanam issues — among the smallest denomination gold coins produced in medieval India — circulated alongside those of competing powers including the Paramaras and later the Kalachuris who briefly displaced the dynasty around 1130. The attribution of individual fanams to the dynasty proper versus its feudatories remains genuinely contested, as dependent chiefs struck near-identical types with only minute die differences that resist confident sorting even now.