Dirham - temp. Chapar bin Kaidu - under Kaidu bin Kashin tamgha countermark

Chapar was the son of Kaidu Khan, the powerful Ögedeid ruler who controlled Central Asia in defiance of Kublai Khan for decades. This dirham circulates within a particularly tangled chain of authority: issued under Chapar but bearing a countermark invoking Kaidu bin Kashin's tamgha, reflecting the layered legitimacy claims that characterized Mongol coinage in the Chagataite sphere during the late 13th century. Countermarked issues of this type were not restruck for new metal — they were validated, redirected, or politically reclaimed in circulation.

Kaidu's long conflict with the Yuan dynasty effectively split the Mongol world in two, and coin production in his territory was never systematically centralized.