Dirham 'Ornamental type' - anepigraphic Bulghar mint

The anepigraphic "ornamental" dirhams of the Bulghar mint present one of the more puzzling episodes in Golden Horde numismatics. Bulghar — the old Volga Bulgarian capital on the Kama-Volga confluence — functioned as the primary northern mint of the Horde, and these pieces were struck during a period of administrative turbulence following the reign of Möngke Temür, when central authority over provincial minting was inconsistent enough to permit issues carrying no inscriptions at all.

Whether the absence of epigraphic content reflects a deliberate local convention, a transitional administrative gap, or simply an unresolved attribution problem among the cataloguers remains debated. Sagdeeva's sequencing places them between identifiable reign issues without committing to a specific khan.