Catalog
| Issuer | Holy Roman Empire |
|---|---|
| Year | 1002-1024 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
| Value | 1 Denier (Pfennig) |
| Currency | Denier (843-1385) |
| Composition | Silver |
| Weight | 1.05 g |
| Diameter | 20 mm |
| Thickness | |
| Shape | Round (irregular) |
| Technique | Hammered |
| Orientation | Variable alignment ↺ |
| Engraver(s) | |
| In circulation to | |
| Reference(s) | KR#4, Dann Sa#951-952, Kluge Kar#84 |
| Obverse description | Crowned bust facing right, legend surrounding. |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Latin |
| Obverse lettering |
+HEINRICVS (Translation: Henry.) |
| Reverse description | Hand comming down from arch in sky laing on a cross. Legend surrounding. |
| Reverse script | Latin |
| Reverse lettering |
S VITALIS (Translation: Saint Vitalis.) |
| Edge | |
| Mint | |
| Mintage |
ND (1002-1024) - - |
| Numisquare ID | 1133339380 |
| Additional information |
Historical Context: This Denier, minted in Esslingen (1002-1024), belongs to Henry II, the last Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor. Reigning as King of Germany (1002) and Emperor (1014), Henry II (Saint Henry) strengthened imperial authority through ecclesiastical ties and consolidated his realm. Esslingen, an important imperial mint, underscores the Emperor's direct control over economic and administrative functions, reflecting coinage's role in asserting imperial power.
Artistry: The coin's artistry exemplifies the Ottonian numismatic style of the early 11th century. Engravers remain anonymous; designs are robust, stylized, and often abstract, prioritizing symbolic clarity over naturalism. Typical obverse designs feature a simplified imperial bust or cross. The reverse often depicts a cross, a building, or the mint name, "ESLINGA". Iconography consistently emphasizes imperial and Christian authority, consistent with early medieval artistic conventions.
Technical/Grading: Weighing 1.05 grams and measuring 20 millimeters, this silver denier exhibits features typical of early medieval coinage. High-points for wear, depending on design, include the emperor's crown or facial features on a bust, or cross terminals. Technical strike qualities are variable; flans are frequently irregular, and strikes can be off-center or uneven, leading to partial legends or design elements. Weakness in strike is common, particularly on edges, requiring careful assessment of remaining detail.