These bronze fractions were struck under the last Vandal kings — almost certainly Hilderic and Gelimer — during the decade preceding Belisarius's swift North African campaign of 533, which collapsed the kingdom in under a year. Carthage had held the denomination system inherited from the late Roman West, and the 12 nummi piece occupied a practical middle register in daily transactions across a city that remained one of the Mediterranean's busiest ports despite a century of Vandal rule.
The attribution spread across Hilderic and Gelimer reflects genuine scholarly uncertainty; the coinage of this final phase was neither systematically dated nor consistently mint-marked.
These bronze fractions were struck under the last Vandal kings — almost certainly Hilderic and Gelimer — during the decade preceding Belisarius's swift North African campaign of 533, which collapsed the kingdom in under a year. Carthage had held the denomination system inherited from the late Roman West, and the 12 nummi piece occupied a practical middle register in daily transactions across a city that remained one of the Mediterranean's busiest ports despite a century of Vandal rule.
The attribution spread across Hilderic and Gelimer reflects genuine scholarly uncertainty; the coinage of this final phase was neither systematically dated nor consistently mint-marked.