Pul 'Triangle and 3 dots' - temp. Tochtamysh Lower Volga area

The Golden Horde's copper pul coinage of this period was essentially anonymous by design — civic or regional issues circulating locally without the dynastic apparatus of the silver dirham series. Tochtamysh reunified the fractured Horde after Mamai's defeat at Kulikovo in 1380, but the monetary infrastructure of the Lower Volga mints never fully stabilized under his rule, particularly after Timur's devastating campaigns sacked Sarai and Astrakhan in the 1390s.

Attribution to Tochtamysh's era rests largely on typological sequence rather than explicit mint authority, which is why the date range spans three decades.