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Pul - temp. Muhammad Uzbeg Qrim Mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1313-1341 |
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| Value | Log in to see details |
| Currency | Log in to see details |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | 1.3 g |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Arabic |
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| Reverse description | Central field bears an Arabic inscription set within an oval or lozenge-shaped cartouche, mirroring the compositional arrangement of the obverse, a format common to Golden Horde pul issues of the Qrim mint under Uzbeg Khan. The hammered flan displays an uneven, textured surface with slight curvature across the field. The legend strokes are boldly impressed at the centre, though the periphery of the flan shows characteristic clipping and irregularity. The overall die execution is consistent with provincial Crimean mint practice of the early 14th century. The field outside the cartouche is largely blank, with flan flow marks visible across the copper surface. |
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| Additional information |
Muhammad Uzbeg Khan's reign marked the Islamization of the Golden Horde as state policy — a decisive break from the religious pluralism that had characterized the Mongol successor states. The Qrim (Crimea) mint was one of several operating simultaneously under Uzbeg, producing puls for local copper-currency needs in a monetary system where silver dirhams dominated long-distance trade and copper served street-level commerce. Lebedev's classification of three distinct types from this single mint and reign reflects genuine die variation rather than cataloguing convention.