Uzbeg Khan, who ruled the Golden Horde from 1313 to 1341, was the ruler who formally established Islam as the state religion of the khanate — a consequential break from the more religiously plural Mongol tradition of his predecessors. The pul coinage of his early reign, including issues of this type, proliferated across a fragmented and competitive copper market where local mints enjoyed considerable autonomy, producing varieties that numismatists still struggle to attribute with confidence to specific mint cities.
The phrase *qutlug bulsun* — roughly "may it be auspicious" — appears across multiple Jochid copper issues and is a formulaic blessing rather than a unique identifier, which complicates die studies considerably.
Uzbeg Khan, who ruled the Golden Horde from 1313 to 1341, was the ruler who formally established Islam as the state religion of the khanate — a consequential break from the more religiously plural Mongol tradition of his predecessors. The pul coinage of his early reign, including issues of this type, proliferated across a fragmented and competitive copper market where local mints enjoyed considerable autonomy, producing varieties that numismatists still struggle to attribute with confidence to specific mint cities.
The phrase *qutlug bulsun* — roughly "may it be auspicious" — appears across multiple Jochid copper issues and is a formulaic blessing rather than a unique identifier, which complicates die studies considerably.