Pfennig Undetermined Friesach marks, Peilenstein

Friesacher Pfennige were among the most commercially dominant coins in Central Europe during the early thirteenth century, circulating well beyond Carinthia into the Balkans and Levantine trade routes. The Peilenstein issues complicate attribution precisely because multiple lords struck near-identical types under the Friesach monetary convention — regional magnates essentially licensing the design to facilitate trade acceptance, which makes die-linking the principal tool for distinguishing issuing authority.

CNA Cq22 sits in the contested zone where Carinthian ducal authority and ministerial striking rights overlapped, a jurisdictional ambiguity that was never fully resolved before the Friesach type itself fell from dominance after mid-century.