Pfennig Undetermined Friesach marks, Peilenstein

The Friesach penny tradition — centered on the archiepiscopal mint at Friesach in Carinthia — became the dominant silver coinage across the central and eastern Alpine trades during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, circulating far into Hungary, Bohemia, and the Latin East. Peilenstein issues fall within a contested attribution cluster: the castle of Peilenstein was a seat of the Spanheim dukes, but the minting authority behind individual Friesach-type bracteates and hollow pennies from this locality remains unresolved among specialists, hence the "undetermined" designation in the CNA.