Obole - Arnould II

Saint-Bertin, founded in the seventh century near Saint-Omer, was among the most powerful Benedictine houses in the southern Low Countries, and by the mid-tenth century its abbots exercised temporal authority substantial enough to support independent coin production. Arnould II's abbacy fell within the broader fragmentation of Carolingian monetary order, when ecclesiastical minting rights — whether formally granted or simply assumed — proliferated across northern France and Flanders.

The PA reference remains unassigned, which is not unusual for minor billon oboles of this house; surviving examples are sparse enough that die linkage studies are effectively impossible at current census levels.