| Popis líce |
Crude helmeted bust facing right in low relief, characteristic of late Carolingian monastic coinage. The effigy is rendered in a stylized, almost abstract manner with visible helmet ridge above the face. The surrounding legend reads ✠ AVDOMARVAE in debased Latin characters. The die work is irregular and the flan notably uneven, consistent with hand-struck billon issues of the period. The overall design reflects the primitive engraving style typical of ecclesiastical mints in the Artois region during the second half of the tenth century. |
| Písmo líce |
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| Opis líce |
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| Popis rubu |
A plain cross pattée occupying the central field, with the letters C, R, V, and X distributed in the four quarters formed by the arms of the cross, reading CRVX. The surrounding circular legend reads CRVX RALVD, referencing both the cross motif and the abbatial authority. The lettering is irregularly spaced and partially blundered, a common characteristic of tenth-century hammered billon issues struck at monastic mints. The flan is irregular and the strike weak in places, resulting in partial legend visibility. The design echoes broadly the Carolingian cross-and-legend reverse formula. |
| Písmo rubu |
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| Opis rubu |
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| Hrana |
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| Mincovna |
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| Náklad |
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Saint-Bertin, founded in the seventh century near Saint-Omer, was among the most powerful Benedictine houses in the southern Low Countries, and by the mid-tenth century its abbots exercised temporal authority substantial enough to support independent coin production. Arnould II's abbacy fell within the broader fragmentation of Carolingian monetary order, when ecclesiastical minting rights — whether formally granted or simply assumed — proliferated across northern France and Flanders.
The PA reference remains unassigned, which is not unusual for minor billon oboles of this house; surviving examples are sparse enough that die linkage studies are effectively impossible at current census levels.