Dirham - Buqa 'Tuqa' Timur Khwarizm

Buqa Timur ruled the Chagatai Khanate in the late 13th century during a period of acute fragmentation, when regional governors and military commanders exercised effective power while khans rotated with alarming frequency. Khwarizm, the mint city here, had been devastated by Mongol conquest decades earlier but remained a commercially vital node on Central Asian trade routes — which is precisely why coinage continued to flow from it under successive Chagatai rulers.

The "Tuqa" appellation in the coin's name likely refers to a subsidiary title or epithet, a naming convention common among Mongol-era Central Asian issues that continues to complicate attribution in modern scholarship.