Denier - Stephen II

Stephen II inherited the Hungarian throne as a minor following the violent overthrow of his father Koloman, whose reign had been consumed by dynastic brutality — Koloman had his own brother Álmos blinded along with Álmos's young son Béla, the future king. Stephen's years on the throne were marked by near-constant warfare with Byzantium, Bohemia, and internal pretenders, making sustained administrative control of the mints intermittent at best. The thin, irregular fabric of these deniers reflects that institutional instability directly.