Denier - Joanna and Charles I Barcelona

Joanna (Juana la Loca) held the Castilian throne nominally throughout this period while her son Charles governed as co-ruler — a dynastic fiction maintained largely to preserve legitimacy across the Aragonese territories. In Catalonia specifically, Charles was careful to rule through established Catalan institutional frameworks, and the coinage reflects that political caution: the pairing of names was not ceremonial courtesy but a legal requirement under the constitutions of Catalonia, where Joanna remained titular queen until her death in 1555.

The nearly four-decade span of this type accounts for considerable die variation across issues.