Denier - Béla III

Béla III's reign marked a decisive reorientation of Hungary toward Byzantine administrative and cultural models — he had spent years at the Constantinople court as a designated heir to Manuel I Komnenos before dynastic circumstances returned him to Buda. The revenue machinery he built, partly modeled on Byzantine fiscal practice, funded one of medieval Hungary's most sophisticated royal chanceries. His annual income, recorded in a contemporary court document, reportedly rivaled that of the French crown.

The multiple CAC references reflect genuine die variety distinctions within this type rather than cataloging redundancy.