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Denier - Béla III
| Issuer | Hungary |
|---|---|
| Year | 1172-1196 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | 12.10 mm |
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| Obverse description | Central plain cross with small decorative elements in each angle, enclosed within a beaded inner circle. The surrounding field is filled with an ornate border of interlaced foliate and scroll motifs characteristic of Romanesque Hungarian deniers. A letter or monogram appears in the lower portion of the cross. The outer border is composed of a continuous band of stylized decorative elements forming a wreath-like frame. The overall design is struck on a thin, irregular flan typical of 12th-century Hungarian hammered coinage. |
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| Mintage | ND (1172-1196) |
| Additional information |
Béla III's reign marked a decisive reorientation of Hungary toward Byzantine administrative and cultural models — he had spent years at the Constantinople court as a designated heir to Manuel I Komnenos before dynastic circumstances returned him to Buda. The revenue machinery he built, partly modeled on Byzantine fiscal practice, funded one of medieval Hungary's most sophisticated royal chanceries. His annual income, recorded in a contemporary court document, reportedly rivaled that of the French crown.
The multiple CAC references reflect genuine die variety distinctions within this type rather than cataloging redundancy.