Arnulf I, Duke of Bavaria from 907, secured his position largely through victory over the Magyars at the Battle of the Inn River in 913 — a conflict that shaped the political geography of the eastern Frankish borderlands for a generation. His mint at Regensburg (Ratisbonne) was one of the most active in the duchy, issuing deniers that circulated across a region still recovering from the Magyar raids that had devastated Carolingian authority east of the Rhine.
The Kluge Kar#259 reference places this piece within the corpus established for Carolingian-tradition coinage persisting under regional magnates after the fragmentation of the East Frankish kingdom following Louis the Child's death in 911.
Arnulf I, Duke of Bavaria from 907, secured his position largely through victory over the Magyars at the Battle of the Inn River in 913 — a conflict that shaped the political geography of the eastern Frankish borderlands for a generation. His mint at Regensburg (Ratisbonne) was one of the most active in the duchy, issuing deniers that circulated across a region still recovering from the Magyar raids that had devastated Carolingian authority east of the Rhine.
The Kluge Kar#259 reference places this piece within the corpus established for Carolingian-tradition coinage persisting under regional magnates after the fragmentation of the East Frankish kingdom following Louis the Child's death in 911.