Denier - Arnulf Ier Ratisbonne

Arnulf I, Duke of Bavaria from 907, secured his position largely through victory over the Magyars at the Battle of the Inn River in 913 — a conflict that shaped the political geography of the eastern Frankish borderlands for a generation. His mint at Regensburg (Ratisbonne) was one of the most active in the duchy, issuing deniers that circulated across a region still recovering from the Magyar raids that had devastated Carolingian authority east of the Rhine.

The Kluge Kar#259 reference places this piece within the corpus established for Carolingian-tradition coinage persisting under regional magnates after the fragmentation of the East Frankish kingdom following Louis the Child's death in 911.