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Denier - Arnulf Ier Ratisbonne

Issuer Bavaria, Duchy of
Year 907-937
Type Standard circulation coin
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Obverse description A plain cross pattée at center, its four angles each cantoned by a pellet (bezant), with an additional pellet at the center of the cross, the whole design enclosed within an inner beaded circle (grenetis). The ducal name legend ARNVLFVS DVX runs around the periphery in Latin capitals, partially obscured by the irregular flan typical of Carolingian-era hammered coinage.
Obverse script Latin
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Reverse description A stylized two-tiered temple or church facade rendered in the Carolingian architectural convention, comprising a pitched gabled roof above a colonnaded lower story with a central doorway or arch; letters of the moneyer's name and the mint legend REGINA CIVITAS GOT, identifying Regensburg (Regina Civitas) as the place of issue, are distributed around the temple motif within a beaded border. The design follows the standard Carolingian temple type derived from the deniers of Louis the Pious.
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