Chalkous - temp. Artaxerxes III / Darius III

正面描述	登录以查看详情
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背面描述	A rough, irregular incuse depression occupying the majority of the flan, its surface exhibiting a distinctly granulated, uneven texture formed by multiple irregular lumps, consistent with the primitive punch technique employed for small fractional bronzes of the Achaemenid satrapal series.
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边缘	Plain
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附加信息	These small copper pieces were struck in the final decades of Achaemenid control over the Ionian coastal cities, a period defined less by administrative stability than by the slow-motion collapse of Persian authority in western Anatolia. Artaxerxes III had spent the 340s brutally reasserting control over rebellious satraps and reconquering Egypt, leaving the western satrapies to manage local coinage with considerable autonomy. By the time Darius III came to the throne in 336 BC, Alexander's crossing was less than two years away. The attribution spanning both reigns reflects genuine uncertainty in the die sequence rather than careless cataloging.

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