1 Solidus In the name of Valentinian III, With ground

Tremissis-weight solidi struck by Germanic successor groups copying late imperial types were a deliberate political act — the tribes controlling former Roman territory understood that Valentinian III's image carried transactional legitimacy that their own names did not. The "with ground" designation refers to the exergual groundline below the figure, a detail that helps separate die families within this broad and poorly resolved attribution. Whether Visigothic, Burgundian, or another group entirely remains genuinely contested; the RIC X and BMC Vandal cross-references reflect scholarly hedging rather than settled consensus.