1 Mun Cho Son Tong Bo, Iron

The Cho Son Tong Bo was introduced under King Sejong as part of a broader push to establish coin-based commerce in a kingdom where cloth and grain stubbornly persisted as the dominant exchange media. Iron-alloy issues like this one were minted precisely because copper was chronically scarce on the peninsula — a problem that would continue to undermine Joseon coinage policy for generations. Popular resistance to metallic currency remained so entrenched that the government eventually abandoned the effort entirely; coins would not circulate with any real success in Korea until the late seventeenth century.