1 Keping Sultana

The kepings of Sumatra occupy an odd corner of colonial monetary history — struck not by a European mint but under local authority during a period when the Dutch East Indies administration was still consolidating control over Sumatran territories following the Napoleonic-era interruption of Dutch colonial power. The 1835 date places this piece in the early years of renewed Dutch engagement with the region, though keping-denomination coppers had circulated across the Malay world for generations prior, their production fragmented across dozens of sultanates with no standardized weight or fineness.

The Singh and KM references both treat this as a token issue, the Tn1 designation reflecting genuine uncertainty about its official versus semi-official status.