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| 正面描述 | Arabic script inscription in the field, rendered in bold raised lettering characteristic of Afghan hammered copper coinage of the early 19th century. The legend, occupying the majority of the flan, references the ruler Mahmud Shah and is surrounded by a dotted border. The irregular polygonal flan exhibits the typical uneven edges of hand-struck provincial coinage. The script is arranged in multiple registers across the field with additional marginal text. |
|---|---|
| 正面文字 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 正面铭文 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面描述 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面文字 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面铭文 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 边缘 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 铸币厂 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 铸造量 | 1228 (1813) - ١٢٢٨ - 1233 (1818) - ١٢٣٣ - 1234 (1819) - ١٢٢۴ - 1238 (1823) - ١٢٣٨ - |
| 附加信息 |
Mahmud Shah's second reign (1809–1818) was bookended by chaos — he had already been deposed once by his brother Shah Shuja, and the Durrani empire was fragmenting under pressure from Sikh expansion in the east and internal Barakzai rebellions that would eventually end his rule permanently. Balkh, ancient and strategically critical near the Oxus, remained one of the few northern mints still functioning under nominal Sadozai authority during this period.
KM#32 copper issues from Balkh are notoriously inconsistent in flan preparation, a product of provincial minting conditions rather than any central standard.