1 Falus - Mahmud Shah Balkh mint

Mahmud Shah's second reign (1809–1818) was bookended by chaos — he had already been deposed once by his brother Shah Shuja, and the Durrani empire was fragmenting under pressure from Sikh expansion in the east and internal Barakzai rebellions that would eventually end his rule permanently. Balkh, ancient and strategically critical near the Oxus, remained one of the few northern mints still functioning under nominal Sadozai authority during this period.

KM#32 copper issues from Balkh are notoriously inconsistent in flan preparation, a product of provincial minting conditions rather than any central standard.