1 Dinheiro - Sebastião I Arrows

Sebastião I inherited the Portuguese throne at age three and was declared king in 1557, with regents governing until he came of age. The dinheiro — by this point a deeply debased denomination struck in calin, a tin-lead alloy — was the workhorse of small colonial transactions, particularly in Portuguese India, where this type circulated alongside local currency in the Estado da India trading ports. Sebastião's reign ended catastrophically at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578, where he died without an heir, triggering the succession crisis that ultimately delivered Portugal to Philip II of Spain two years later.