1 Denier - Philip II

Philip II's tenure over the Spanish Netherlands was defined by the Duke of Alba's brutal suppression campaigns and the resulting monetary chaos across the southern provinces. Namur, one of the loyalist counties that remained under Spanish control through much of the revolt, continued striking petty copper coinage even as the northern provinces descended into open war. The 1578–1579 dating places this piece squarely within the period of the Union of Arras, when Namur and neighboring Walloon provinces formally realigned with the Spanish Crown — a political settlement that directly authorized continued local minting rights.