1 Denier - Philip II

Historical Context: Philip II's reign over the County of Namur was a segment of his vast dominion, particularly significant during the Eighty Years' War. The period 1578-1579 marked a critical juncture in the Dutch Revolt, with the southern provinces, including Namur, largely remaining loyal to the Spanish crown amidst widespread rebellion in the north. This 1 Denier copper coin served as essential small change, facilitating daily commerce in a region experiencing economic strain and military upheaval, thereby symbolizing the enduring, albeit contested, authority of the Habsburg monarch.

Artistry: The artistry of this low-denomination coin is typical of provincial minting practices of the late 16th century. While the specific engraver remains anonymous, the design likely adheres to a functional Late Renaissance aesthetic. Common motifs for Philip II's coinage in the Low Countries include a crowned monogram of "P" and "II" on the obverse, often accompanied by the mintmark of Namur, and a simple cross or the armorial bearings of Namur (a lion rampant) on the reverse, emphasizing legibility and the issuer's identity over elaborate artistic detail.

Technical/Grading: Technically, this copper denier, weighing 2.7 grams, typically exhibits characteristics of hurried production. High points susceptible to wear or weakness include the details of the crown, the serifs of the monogram, and any fine lines within the heraldic elements. Strike quality can vary considerably, with examples often showing minor off-center strikes, planchet imperfections, or areas of flatness, particularly on the outer legends. Well-centered examples with full strikes and minimal circulation wear are considerably scarcer.