1 Carlino - Clement XI

Clement XI's papacy was consumed almost entirely by the War of the Spanish Succession, during which Bologna — as a Papal States city — found itself diplomatically squeezed between Habsburg and Bourbon pressures. The Pope's failed attempt at neutrality collapsed when he recognized Philip V, then was compelled to reverse course, earning him enemies on both sides and ultimately the humiliation of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which disposed of Italian territories without papal consultation. These carlini were struck across that entire turbulent span.