1/4 Kharub - Abdulaziz and Muhammad III

The Beylik of Tunis occupied an awkward political position by 1872 — nominally an Ottoman vassal, effectively under deepening French financial pressure following the ruinous indemnity imposed after the 1864 tribal revolt. Coins of this period bear both the Ottoman sultan's name and the Tunisian bey's, a dual acknowledgment of suzerainty that was becoming increasingly ceremonial as French creditors tightened their grip. Within nine years, the Bardo Treaty would end Tunisian autonomy entirely.