White Denier - Robert

Robert I of Bar ruled through one of the more turbulent stretches of northeastern French political history, his tenure shadowed by the aftermath of Poitiers and the slow disintegration of Valois authority in the region. The Duchy of Bar occupied an awkward buffer position between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and its coinage policy reflected that — billon issues like this denier served local exchange needs while the duchy navigated shifting monetary ordinances from Paris it was not always obliged to follow.

Flon places this type firmly within Robert's long reign, though the 46-year span assigned suggests die and weight variations exist across the series that have not been fully resolved in the literature.