Unknown Æ - Imitating Tiberius, 14-37

Germanic copies of Roman aes circulated widely east of the Rhine during the second and third centuries, produced by communities with no minting infrastructure but enough exposure to Roman coinage to recognize its transactional utility. These imitations were not forgeries in any meaningful sense — they served local exchange networks where the iconographic authority of Rome mattered more than imperial sanction.

Tiberius-type prototypes were copied well past their original issue date, sometimes by a century or more, which makes precise attribution nearly impossible without die linkage studies.