Stiver of 3 Kreuzer - Anne van de Marck with titles of Matthias II

The Abbey of Thorn was one of the few semi-sovereign ecclesiastical institutions in the Low Countries with the right to mint its own coinage — a privilege it exercised sporadically and often controversially. Anne van de Marck served as abbess from 1611 to 1619, and this issue ties her authority to that of Emperor Matthias II, whose imperial titles appear alongside hers as the required nod to nominal Habsburg suzerainty. The pairing was political formality, not deference; Thorn's abbesses routinely jealously guarded their minting rights against encroachment from both the Empire and neighboring Bishopric of Liège.