Qanhari Dirham 'Damma' - Al-Muzaffar

The Qanhari dirham type circulated in Sind during a period when the region was absorbing repeated pressure from Mahmud of Ghazni's western campaigns, which pushed into the Indus valley repeatedly between 1001 and 1025. Local dynastic coinage of this reduced silver weight — the "damma" being a fractional unit specific to Sindhi monetary practice — continued to be struck by regional rulers even as Ghaznavid authority encroached. Al-Muzaffar's issues represent one of the last phases of independent Sindhi silver production before the political order of the lower Indus valley was substantially reorganized.