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Qanhari Dirham 'Damma' - Al-Muzaffar
| Issuer | Sind |
|---|---|
| Year | 1001-1024 |
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| Value | Log in to see details |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
| Shape | Log in to see details |
| Technique | Hammered |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Arabic |
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| Reverse description | Irregular hammered flan with a distinctive design featuring a prominent annular or ring motif in the upper central field, flanked by schematic Arabic Kufic letterforms on either side. Below the ring device, a tau- or anchor-shaped symbol is visible, accompanied by additional abbreviated Arabic script. A horizontal line divides the field, with the lower register largely plain. The overall style reflects the strongly debased and symbolic treatment characteristic of Qanhari fractional silver coinage of early 11th-century Sind. |
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| Additional information |
The Qanhari dirham type circulated in Sind during a period when the region was absorbing repeated pressure from Mahmud of Ghazni's western campaigns, which pushed into the Indus valley repeatedly between 1001 and 1025. Local dynastic coinage of this reduced silver weight — the "damma" being a fractional unit specific to Sindhi monetary practice — continued to be struck by regional rulers even as Ghaznavid authority encroached. Al-Muzaffar's issues represent one of the last phases of independent Sindhi silver production before the political order of the lower Indus valley was substantially reorganized.