Qandhari Dirham 'Damma' - Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

These small silver pieces were struck in Sind under the authority of the Habbarid amirs, who maintained nominal Abbasid allegiance while exercising effective independence over the lower Indus region. The "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz" cited in the name is not the Umayyad caliph of that name — he died in 720 — but a local Sindhi ruler invoking a prestigious namesake. The damma denomination itself is an Arabicized adaptation of the pre-Islamic Indo-Sasanian monetary system that persisted in the region long after the Arab conquest.