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Qandhari Dirham 'Damma' - Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
| Issuer | Sind |
|---|---|
| Year | 854-884 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | 10 mm |
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| Obverse description | Central field occupied by a multi-line Arabic inscription arranged in three horizontal registers within a scalloped inner border. The legend reads 'Billah yathiqu / 'Umar wa bihi / yantasir', translating as 'In God trusts Umar and through him is victorious.' The script is rendered in a bold, archaic Kufic style characteristic of early Islamic coinage of Sind. The coin's irregular flan and pronounced scalloped rim reflect the local hammered production tradition of the Qandhari dirham series. |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | (Translation: In God trusts `Umar and through him is victorious.) |
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| Additional information |
These small silver pieces were struck in Sind under the authority of the Habbarid amirs, who maintained nominal Abbasid allegiance while exercising effective independence over the lower Indus region. The "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz" cited in the name is not the Umayyad caliph of that name — he died in 720 — but a local Sindhi ruler invoking a prestigious namesake. The damma denomination itself is an Arabicized adaptation of the pre-Islamic Indo-Sasanian monetary system that persisted in the region long after the Arab conquest.