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Pulo - Fedor Mikhailovich
| Issuer | Principality of Mikulin |
|---|---|
| Year | 1399-1407 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Crude hammered copper field bearing a roughly executed device, likely depicting a stylized animal or quadruped figure facing to the right, rendered in low relief typical of small medieval Russian principality coinage. The design is heavily worn and exhibits characteristic surface corrosion and patination consistent with burial or extended circulation. The imagery is characteristic of the primitive die-cutting style employed by minor Rus appanage mints of the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The flan is irregularly shaped with uneven edges, as expected for hand-struck pulo denominations of this period. |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | КНЯЗЬ ВЕЛИКИЙ ФЕДОР |
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| Additional information |
Mikulin was a minor appanage principality in the upper Volga region, dependent on Tver, and its coinage output was correspondingly thin. The pulo denomination served as the lowest-value copper unit in the fragmented monetary system of late medieval Rus, filling a transactional gap that silver wire money — by weight and value — could not practically address. Fedor Mikhailovich ruled Mikulin during a period when appanage princes asserted local identity partly through independent coin issue, however modest the output.