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Pul - temp. Muhammad Uzbeg Khwarizm mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1328-1336 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Hammered copper flan of irregular roundness exhibiting characteristic Golden Horde workmanship. The central field bears a three-line Arabic legend reading 'al-Sultan / al-Adil / Uzbeg' (السلطان / العادل / اوزبك), proclaiming the ruler's title and name. The inscription is rendered in a bold, somewhat cursive Naskh hand typical of Jochid copper coinage. A dotted circular border frames the legend, partially visible along the periphery. The surfaces display an olive-brown patina with areas of green cuprite encrustation consistent with prolonged burial. |
|---|---|
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| Mintage | ND - undefinable date - 728 (1328) - - 730 (1330) - - 732 (1332) - - 736 (1336) - - |
| Additional information |
Muhammad Uzbeg Khan's reign marked the definitive Islamization of the Golden Horde — a policy enforced with enough political will that it permanently reshaped religious practice across the western steppe. The Khwarizm mint was one of several regional striking facilities operating under his authority, and copper pul from this mint circulated as everyday small change in a commercial zone that connected Mongol-controlled Central Asia to Genoese trading posts on the Black Sea.
The Zeno catalog records for this type are notably inconsistent in die alignment, suggesting decentralized production without strict workshop oversight.