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Pul 'Sun-face type' - Toqta Qrim mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1307-1308 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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|---|---|
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| Reverse description | Dynastic tamgha of the Jochid line occupying the central field, serving as the principal dynastic emblem of the issuing authority. An Arabic legend in the field or around the tamgha identifies the mint as Qrim (Crimea). The design is characteristic of Golden Horde copper issues struck at the Qrim mint under Khan Toqta, with the tamgha functioning as both a legitimising symbol and a die-identifier. The flan is irregular and the strike uneven, consistent with hammered production methods of the period. |
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| Reverse lettering | قريم |
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| Additional information |
Toqta's consolidation of Golden Horde authority in the early 14th century came after decades of internal dynastic conflict, and his Crimean mint output reflects a ruler actively standardizing coinage across a fractured monetary system. The Qrim mint was among the most commercially active in the western steppe, feeding trade networks that ran from the Black Sea ports through to the Volga basin.
The three Lebedev references for this type suggest die or flan variation within a single short emission window — not unusual for a copper pul series where production controls were loose compared to silver coinage.