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Pul Star countermark
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1400-1420 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | 1 Pul (1⁄16) |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
| Shape | Log in to see details |
| Technique | Log in to see details |
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| Engraver(s) | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Irregular hammered copper flan displaying Arabic legends in the field, characteristic of late Golden Horde pul coinage. The inscription, typical of Jochid monetary practice, is arranged in multiple lines across the central field. The strike is uneven, resulting in partially legible text and a rough, granular surface texture consistent with the debased coinage of the terminal Golden Horde period. The flan exhibits a notch at the upper left rim, likely the result of a test cut or flan preparation. Overall execution reflects the declining quality of Golden Horde copper coinage in the early fifteenth century. |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Arabic |
| Obverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Reverse description | Plain copper field bearing a prominent applied star-shaped countermark, struck with a small punch in the central area of the flan. The star motif, with multiple radiating pointed rays, is deeply impressed and raised in relief, characteristic of Golden Horde administrative re-validation countermarks applied to circulating puls. A secondary smaller mark is visible to the left of the principal star. The surrounding field is flat and featureless, with a coarse hammered texture. The countermark served as an official validation device to authorize continued circulation of the host coin. |
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| Reverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Edge | Log in to see details |
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