Pul 'Power and success' - temp. before Muhammad Uzbeg Qrim mint

The Qrim mint was among the earliest and most productive copper-striking facilities in Golden Horde territory, active well before the administrative consolidation under Muhammad Uzbeg after 1313. These pre-Uzbeg puls circulated in a period when the Horde's western steppe economy was still negotiating the relationship between bullion silver and fiduciary copper — the latter issued with enough local autonomy that attribution to specific khans remains contested across the specialist literature. Lebedev's classification acknowledges this ambiguity directly.