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Pul 'Power and success' - temp. before Muhammad Uzbeg Qrim mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1267-1313 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | Log in to see details |
| Currency | Log in to see details |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
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| Technique | Log in to see details |
| Orientation | Variable alignment ↺ |
| Engraver(s) | Log in to see details |
| In circulation to | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Reverse description | Central field displays the distinctive Jochid tamgha, the dynastic emblem of the Golden Horde, rendered in raised relief. The tamgha consists of a rounded loop surmounted by a crescent form with a central pellet, flanked by lateral projections, all set on an unbordered field. Surrounding or accompanying the tamgha are fragmentary Arabic script elements identifying the mint. The design is typical of early Golden Horde pul coinage struck at the Qrim (Crimea) mint, with the field showing the rough surface texture characteristic of hammered copper issues. |
| Reverse script | Log in to see details |
| Reverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Edge | Log in to see details |
| Mint | Log in to see details |
| Mintage | ND (1267-1313) |
| Additional information |
The Qrim mint was among the earliest and most productive copper-striking facilities in Golden Horde territory, active well before the administrative consolidation under Muhammad Uzbeg after 1313. These pre-Uzbeg puls circulated in a period when the Horde's western steppe economy was still negotiating the relationship between bullion silver and fiduciary copper — the latter issued with enough local autonomy that attribution to specific khans remains contested across the specialist literature. Lebedev's classification acknowledges this ambiguity directly.