Pul 'Deer type' temp. Toqta Qrim mint

Toqta's reign consolidated Golden Horde power after years of internal succession conflict following Möngke Temür's death, and his Crimean mint at Qrim was among the most active copper-producing facilities in the western steppe economy. These puls circulated as the fractional backbone of a monetized market system that surprised contemporary Arab travelers, who noted the Horde's towns functioned on coin exchange rather than barter. Copper issues from Qrim are frequently found in excavation hoards alongside Genoese and Byzantine commercial tokens — physical evidence of how thoroughly the Black Sea trade network had penetrated Horde territory by the late thirteenth century.