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Pul 'Deer type' temp. Toqta Qrim mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1291-1312 |
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| Value | Log in to see details |
| Currency | Log in to see details |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Shape | Round (irregular) |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | Within a raised linear square border, a bold Jochid tamga symbol occupies the central field, rendered in high relief with characteristic angular and looped elements associated with the dynastic mark of the Golden Horde khans. Globular pellets are visible in the corners of the inner square, serving as decorative punctuation. The outer field beyond the square frame is plain, consistent with the utilitarian character of this hammered copper denomination. |
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| Mint | Qrim (Crimea) mint |
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| Additional information |
Toqta's reign consolidated Golden Horde power after years of internal succession conflict following Möngke Temür's death, and his Crimean mint at Qrim was among the most active copper-producing facilities in the western steppe economy. These puls circulated as the fractional backbone of a monetized market system that surprised contemporary Arab travelers, who noted the Horde's towns functioned on coin exchange rather than barter. Copper issues from Qrim are frequently found in excavation hoards alongside Genoese and Byzantine commercial tokens — physical evidence of how thoroughly the Black Sea trade network had penetrated Horde territory by the late thirteenth century.