Pfennig - Henry IV Stein in Oberkrain

Historical Context: The Pfennig of "Henry IV Stein in Oberkrain" (CNA#Ci7) was struck in the March of Istria-Carniola (1204-1228), a Holy Roman Empire frontier. "Henry IV" likely designates a coin type featuring a ruler's bust, not Emperor Henry IV. This era saw the powerful House of Andechs (Dukes of Merania) dominating Carniola, preceding the Sponheimers. "Stein in Oberkrain" (Kamen in Upper Carniola) indicates a local mint or territorial association within this strategic Alpine-Adriatic region, marked by feudal fragmentation and Venetian influence.

Artistry: This early 13th-century Pfennig displays schematic, stylized artistry, typical of regional coinage. Individual engravers are unknown, reflecting workshop traditions. The obverse usually features a simplified, crowned frontal or turned bust, representing a ruler or ecclesiastical figure. The reverse commonly shows a cross or geometric design, often with fragmented or abbreviated legends. The aesthetic prioritizes symbolic representation over naturalistic detail, with variations reflecting local die-cutters' interpretations.

Technical/Grading: For optimal grading, a strong, centered strike is paramount, often rare for this type. Key high-points include the definition of the ruler's crown and facial features, clarity of any scepter or orb, and legibility of the surrounding legend. Wear first manifests on the bust's highest points and legend edges. Flan irregularities, minor cracks, and off-center strikes are common and generally accepted, but a well-struck example with minimal wear is highly desirable.