Pfennig Carniola and borderland coinage

These thin, bracteate-style pfennigs were struck under the Dukes of Carinthia during a period when the Spanheimer dynasty still held the duchy, before it passed to the Habsburgs in 1335. The "Carniola and borderland" designation reflects genuine administrative ambiguity — Carinthia and Carniola shared minting infrastructure and monetary conventions closely enough that attribution to one jurisdiction over the other remains contested among specialists, which is exactly what Luschin's classification attempts to resolve.